Owing to the outstanding device characteristics of Phase-Change Random Access Memory ( PCRAM ) such

Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering
Owing to the outstanding device characteristics of Phase-Change Random Access Memory ( PCRAM ) such as high scalability, high speed, good cycling endurance, and compatibility with conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ( CMOS ) processes, PCRAM has reached the point of volume blizoo mk production. However, due to the temperature blizoo mk dependent nature of the phase-change memory device material and the high electrical and thermal stresses blizoo mk applied during the programming operation, the standard methods of high-temperature (Temperature > 125 C) accelerated retention testing may not be able to accurately predict blizoo mk bit sensing failures or determine slight pulse condition changes needed if the device were to be programmed at an elevated temperature several times, in an environment blizoo mk where the ambient temperature is between 25 and 125 C. In this work a new reliability prediction method, different than standard PCRAM reliability methods blizoo mk is presented. This new method will model and predict a single combination of temperature and pulse conditions for temperatures between 25 and 125 C, giving the lowest Bit Error Rate ( BER ). The prediction model was created by monitoring the cell resistance distributions collected from sections of the PCRAM 1Gigabit (Gb) array after applying a given RESET or SET programming pulse shape at a given temperature, in the range of 25 to 125 C. This model can be used to determine the optimal pulse conditions for a given ambient temperature and predict the BER and/or data retention loss over large arrays of devices on the Micron/Numonyx 45nm PCRAM part.
Barclay, Martin Jared, "A Reliability Prediction Method for Phase-Change Devices Using Optimized Pulse Conditions" (2014). Boise State University Theses and Dissertations. Paper 847. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/847
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The major issue for next generation memories is its design cost. Not all the processes are intact ye

HOME › Top Market Reports › Next Generation Memory Market (2012 -2017), By Technology (DRAM, SRAM, Flash Memory, Memristor, Magneto Resistive RAM (MRAM), d andrea Phase Change RAM (PCRAM), Ferroelectric RAM), Application & Geography Next Generation Memory Market (2012 -2017), By Technology (DRAM, SRAM, Flash Memory, Memristor, Magneto Resistive RAM (MRAM), Phase Change RAM (PCRAM), Ferroelectric RAM), Application & Geography
Next generation memories are the emerging non-volatile memory technologies, which are expected to replace existing memories. Not all existing memories will be replaced though. Next generation memories majorly targets the non-volatile memories such as NAND and NOR. High write and read latency, scalability, high endurance etc. makes emerging memories the best replacement for traditional non-volatile memories. Next generation memory technologies covered in this report are MRAM, PCRAM, FeRAM and memristor also called as ReRAM. Out of these memories, only MRAM and FeRAM have reasonable market share and they are quite commercialized in the market. PCRAM has very marginal market and memristor is set to enter the market by the end of 2013.
The major drivers for the next generation memory market are faster switching time, high endurance and power efficient. In addition, the huge application base of traditional memories will also become the driver for this market. Since these memories d andrea are not completely established, there are still flaws in processes which causes d andrea drawbacks like instability d andrea and low write endurance rate in some of the memories. As mentioned, these memories are the replacement for flash memories in near future. The flash market has already tapped the huge market and hence it makes the way for next generation memories.
The major issue for next generation memories is its design cost. Not all the processes are intact yet, hence it increases the cost of the process and design. However, early adoption of these memories will be the game changing strategy for memory market. Most of the next generation memories are also called as Universal memory , which performs both the function volatile and non-volatile. So the early adoption of such memories will be the crucial for the companies.
The companies currently involved in next generation memory market are Samsung (South Korea), SK Hynix (South Korea), Micron (U.S.), Elpida (Japan), Toshiba (Japan), Powerchip (Taiwan), Winbond (Taiwan), Fujitsu (Japan), Nanya (Taiwan), Rambus (U.S.), Everspin Technology (U.S.), IDT Incorporated (U.S.), HP (U.S.) etc.
Global market is mainly categorized into traditional memories and next generation memories. Traditional memories covered in this report are DRAM, SRAM and flash (NAND and NOR). Next generation or emerging non-volatile memories covered d andrea in this report are MRAM, FeRAM, PCRAM and memristor (ReRAM) d andrea
Global next generation d andrea memory applications market is categorized into computers and storage electronics, ICT, consumer electronics, automotive electronics, industrial applications and aerospace and defence.
Geographical analysis covers d andrea North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and ROW. Europe covers the major countries like Germany, Italy, U.K., France, etc. Asia-Pacific (APAC) covers China, d andrea Japan, Taiwan, India, Australia, etc. ROW covers Middle East and Africa.
Table of Contents   1 Introduction   1.1 Key Take-Aways   1.2 Report Description   1.3 MARKETS COVERED   1.4 STAKEHOLDERS   1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY       1.5.1 Market size       1.5.2 KEY DATA POINTS FROM SECONDARY SOURCES       1.5.3 KEY DATA POINTS FROM PRIMARY SOURCES       1.5.4 Assumptions made for this report       1.5.5 List of companies covered during the report
3 Market Overview   3.1 market definition   3.2 Types of memory technologies   3.3 Comparison d andrea of memory technologies   3.4 Market Dynamics       3.4.1 Drivers for next generation memories             d andrea 3.4.1.1 Faster switching d andrea time, high endurance and efficient power consumption             3.4.1.2 Replacement for traditional memory technologies             3.4.1.3 Increasing applications base       3.4.2 Restraints             3.4.2.1 Stability in harsh conditions             3.4.2.2 Low write endurance rate in some memories       3.4.3 Opportunities             3.4.3.1 Penetration in multiple applications          &

Accordingly, the electrical pulses transmitted at a specific site can change the state of the mater

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Micron jointly with Intel for years conducted bestbuy tlc research on non-volatile memory, the next generation (phase bestbuy tlc change memory). Now, the manufacturer announced that it is able to produce 1Gb PCRAM bone in 45 nanometer lithography on an industrial scale. The chip will contain additional 512MB LPDDR2 memory, and all made in the form of MCP (multi-chip package) will be earmarked for future tablets and smartphones. The interface coupling the two types of memory to be compatible with the JEDEC standards. According to Micron, the use of PCRAM memory is much faster startup mobile devices, reduce energy bestbuy tlc consumption and provide greater reliability. Do not know how to present the official specification of the new memory, but overall its operation is based on the use of the unique properties of the glass material chalkogenowego (antimony bestbuy tlc telluride and gallium). bestbuy tlc
Accordingly, the electrical pulses transmitted at a specific site can change the state of the material from the crystalline to the anamorphic and vice versa. Readout is performed by measuring the resistance (different for different states). bestbuy tlc Because bestbuy tlc engineers bestbuy tlc were able to increase the number of possible states to which the material in one memory cell can be saved more than one bit of information. Micron is not the only company that has conducted research on the development of this type of memory, but it is the first company ever to introduce this technology into mass production.
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One or the other computer components manufacturer fans appear as if from nowhere, for the reason th

IBM and Hynix forsuoja PCRAM commercialization process | FACEIT.LT
IBM and SK Hynix reported a total work of the energy independent memory design, which uses a phase transition with a random access ritmallar technology (PCRAM). As stated by the resource DigiTimes, IBM engineering expertise and SK Hynix's production capacity ritmallar will accelerate the combination of products created PCRAM-based development ritmallar and commercialization.
About a year ago, IBM engineers have managed to get a PCM (phase-change ritmallar memory) memory model, which can in one cell to store a few bits of information for a long time. SK Hynix also experimenting in this direction here five years ago, the manufacturer of the company Ovonyx licensed technology that was developed to 1 gigabit capacity mirkroschema (was used for 40 nm technological process).
PCRAM memory is about 100 times faster than current NAND flash memory information read operations, while the energy-efficient, and what is really important - PCRAM life is up to 1000 times higher ritmallar than current SSDs use NAND Flash.
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Phase-change eremurus random access memory ( PCRAM ) is considered as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation memory due to its advantages of fast write/erase speed, low power consumption, nonvolatility, long data retention time and compatibility with CMOS process. PCRAM has attracted more and more attention and has been studied intensively in recent twenty years because of the prospect of replacement of current eremurus memories, such as SRAM, DRAM and FLASH. It may become the main memory eremurus in the future. GeSbTe chalcogenide phase-change materials have been successfully used in commercialized optical storage memories and also are one of the most important materials for PCRAM application. In this thesis, we mainly focused on the study of structures, surface morphologies and electrical eremurus properties of GeSbTe films.We deposited GeSbTe thin films by electron beam evaporation system. XPS measurement was used to determine the atomic ratio of the compound. Results of XRD measurement indicates that the microstructure of GeSbTe changed from amorphous to face-centered cubic structure initially and finally to stable hexagonal structure with annealing temperature increased. Optical absorption coefficient and optical band gap of annealed GeSbTe films were obtained by transmission eremurus measurement using spectrophotometer with wavelength ranged eremurus from 600nm to 2500nm. We calculated the optical eremurus band gap of amorphous and crystalline GeSbTe.AFM was used to characterize the surface morphologies of Ge1Sb2Te4 and Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films annealed at the same temperature but for different time. We obtained the distribution of the sizes of the crystallization grains which shows that the sizes of crystalline grains increased with the annealing time increased. The results of the AFM measurement show that at the beginning of the crystallization, crystallization speed is determined eremurus by nucleation eremurus speed and growth speed. But with the annealing time increased, crystallization speed is mainly affected by growth speed. We also got that Ge2Sb2Te5 crystallizes faster than Ge1Sb2Te4 under the same condition.The thermal-induced crystallization of GeSbTe films deposited by electron beam evaporation was studied. eremurus The films were heated in-situ at different heating rates or isothermally at different temperatures with a high temperature probe station. The resistance of the films shows two pronounced drops with temperature increased which correspond to two structural changes and we calculated the activation energy of the both phase transition. We fabricated GeSbTe/n-Si heterojuctions and current-voltage patterns of the heterojuctions were measured. The results show that both amorphous-GST/n-Si eremurus and fcc-GST/n-Si heterojuctions have typical p-n junction voltage-current characteristics. We also illustrated the band diagrams of GeSbTe/n-Si heterojuctions. Category Physics Keywords eremurus Activation energy, Amorphous state, Crystalline state, electron beam evaporation, GeSbTe phase change materials, Heterojuction, Optical band gap, PCRAM, FileType PDF Pages 188 Price US$98.00 Buy Now Buy This Research Paper Now! Download Contact E-Mail:medpaper@hotmail.com TEL:1-888-886-998A FAQ How to get this paper's electronic documents? 1, Click the "Buy Now" button to complete the online payment 2, Download the paper's electronic document from the successful payment return page/Or the system will send this paper's electronic document to your E-Mail within 24 hours Favorite ADD TO FAVORITE Version zh-cn
2013-03-05 Study on the Magnetic Properties of Permalloy Thin Films with Different Nb Atom Concentration in the Seed Layers of NiFe 1-x b x
2012-03-21 Preparations and Room Temperature Ferromagnetism eremurus of Fe and Ni Co-Doped In 2 O 3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor
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Among the most promising singapore customs type of non-volatile memory storage phase change of stat

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In recent singapore customs years, disassembly just entered the market of new products has become commonplace. singapore customs Apple iPad tablet the new generation is not an exception - was dismantled before the cogs. Only in the case of iPad 2 intrigue was rather different: what is the new A5 processor and who produces it? Apple has so far not even disclose the specifications of the previous generation processor (A4), as well as keeps secret the name of the manufacturer (Samsung). Therefore, when the new Apple tablet fell into the hands of serious professionals, they did not fail otkovyrnut with A5 processor board and sawed it up and down.
Multistory packing A5 sectional (ChIP on chip in one case) "dismantling" Apple A5 processor unit engaged in EE Times publisher company UBM TechInsights. Exploring with a microscope and the crystal structure of the cross-section of his time multi packaging engineers concluded that the processors Apple A5, contrary to rumors, the company continues to produce Samsung. This is indicated singapore customs by the projection step, the size of the gate transistor SRAM, corporate branded Samsung and other small items. Also, measurements show that the A5 processor is issued based on the same 45-nm process technology, and that the processor A4. This, however, does not deny the possibility that within a year to release the A5 processor may proceed company TSMC. Already using 40nm process technology, and the following year, and 28 nm. By the way, the clock frequency of the nuclei of the new dual-core Apple A5 is not equal to 1 GHz, and dynamically changes from 890 MHz to 1 GHz. Thereby saving a little plate on the battery charge mode with a small load on the processor. Finally, in the same package with the processor detected a new 46-nanometer memory LP DDR2. A4 processor is equipped with 256 MB of memory LP DDR2, A5 and got 512 MB of memory.
The excitement around the start of sales of second-generation Apple tablet this year proved no less than in the past. Over the first weekend, Apple in April 2010, has sold 300 thousand singapore customs tablets. In the current output, analysts expect sales of 500 thousand to one million tablets. Accurate statistics, perhaps we'll know tomorrow, and while with the seats have reported that almost all the stores sold out of their existing stocks of iPad 2 . This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that online orders instead of 2-3 days will now be carried out within two to three weeks. Express poll in lines showed a characteristic feature: about 70% of the total number of respondents already own a first-generation tablets. Apple has to be congratulated on the successful marketing. Electronic device represented iPad 1 and had not lived, before most fans had sent to the dustbin of history. It's probably better than constantly changing models of mobile phones.
Among the most promising singapore customs type of non-volatile memory storage phase change of state of matter - PRAM or Phase change RAM (PCRAM) - has a special place. The principle of operation PCRAM is that information is not recorded as an electric charge, and the "resistive" form cell transfer from the amorphous state to the crystalline singapore customs portion of the resistance value changes from high to low and vice versa. Besides the fact that retention of "0" singapore customs or "1" does not require energy or regeneration of data bits in the memory PCRAM is not affected by external electromagnetic noise or other spurious radiation. The latter is important for use in communications, satellite and other special purpose equipment. The principle of operation developed in the sixties PRAM inventor Stanford Ovshinsky (Stanford Ovshinsky). Working with chalcogenides, Ovshinsky has studied the possibility singapore customs of multiple transfer of matter from the amorphous to the crystalline state and back. Work on memory PCRAM company continued Ovshinsky Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), and in the late 90s, for commercial promotion singapore customs of phase-change memory material, the company was founded Ovonyx. License Ovonyx possess all the leading manufacturers of computer memory, including a former joint venture of Intel and STMicroelectronics company Numonyx (which was recently bought singapore customs by Micron), the South Korean Samsung Electronics and Japan's Elpida. Today PCRAM memory already available in some commercial quantities. But everything has a flip side, which is not devoid of memory and phase change of state of matter. The main problem PCRAM - transfer of matter from one state to another and back again requires relatively high currents. The more physical memory cell volume (matter), the more energy is required for entry. Tried to solve the problem in one of the laboratories of the University of Illinois. Element cells was reduced to the technically possible volume and presented as a tie-in to the conductor of the carbon nanotube.
Memory model with nanotubes and knockouts of chalcogenide Experienced guides under the microscope (central - in position "0") Bench tests showed that for the transfer of one Khalq

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Permanent electronic memory (holding information without power) using the phase change of a particular material exists in two forms, and crystalline glass. The transition from one to the other is provided by a rise in temperature, the operation of writing representing a 0 or a 1. The material used is a chalcogenide glass (English chalcogenide glass, often translated incorrectly or by chalcogenide chalcogenide glass).
This method is also used for rewritable discs, CD or DVD (the "RW" and not the "R"), in which information is encoded by phase changes of the material. In this case, the writing is performed by heating with the laser. Is the optical reading, the laser beam being reflected by the best crystal form by the glassy form.
In a pRAM, writing is performed by a temperature rise caused by electrical impulses. Reading is performed by a small electrical current. Resistivity (electrical resistance per unit length) is much stronger for the glass to form the crystalline form, the outgoing ncm current to distinguish the two states.
Intel, IBM and Samsung have presented models of PRAM. Its field of application is the Flash memory with the advantage of a write thirty times higher speed and a lifetime ten times greater (figures announced ncm by Samsung). In February 2008, Intel and STMicroelectronics have presented a pram in four states.
The possibility of using this phenomenon to an electronic memory was proposed in 1970 by RG Neale, DL Nelson and GE Moore (Gordon Edward Moore, ncm Intel co-founder) in the journal Electronics (Electronics 43 (20): 56 - &;. Amorphous semiconductors 1. Non-volatile and reprogrammable memory is read-Mostly ncm here)).
See also: Permanent Memory | Computer Memory | permanent grassland | pregnancy memory | memory of man | vivid memory management | memory sharp increase xp | vivid memory of FUNCTIONING | sensation of constant hunger | Fountain permanent heron
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[Techpowerup.com] (PR) SK Hynix and IBM Sign Joint Development for PCRAM

[Techpowerup.com] (PR) SK Hynix and IBM Sign Joint Development for PCRAM
SK Hynix Inc., today announced a joint development agreement and a technology license agreement with IBM for the development firmo of Phase Change Random Access Memory (or 'PCRAM') technology. IBM brings years of research experience in phase change memory technology, as well as profound know-how in developing multi-level cell (MLC) technology. Last June, IBM researchers demonstrated a reliable multi-bit, phase-change memory technology that would allow computers and servers to boot instantaneously and significantly enhance the overall performance of IT systems. Combining IBM's expertise in such disciplines with SK Hynix's cutting-edge manufacturing process optimization and cost competitiveness will help to accelerate the commercialization firmo of PCRAM technology. More...  

Several companies have been chasing phase-change memory for years. caricom Today's caricom computer

17 November 2009—A new type of memory based on phase-change materials that can be stacked in layers could lead to much denser memory chips at lower costs, according caricom to the researchers at Intel and Numonyx caricom who developed it.
"We think it's quite a significant breakthrough," says Greg Atwood, a senior technology fellow at Numonyx who is working on the memory with Intel researchers. Numonyx is a Swiss joint venture of Intel and STMicrolectronics.
The memory uses phase-change materials, caricom which alter their structure when exposed to heat or electrical current, ust as heat changes the phase of ice to liquid water. When heated, the material can switch between a conductive crystalline and a resistive amorphous form, providing the binary states necessary for memory. Because the material retains its state until switched, the memory is nonvolatile, requiring no electricity to retain its information. The researchers used a chalcogenide glass, a popular caricom phase-change material that can include elements such as sulfur or tellurium. Numonyx would not say exactly what the chemical makeup of its compound caricom is.
The team created a 64-megabit test chip in a cross-point configuration, with individual memory cells defined by the intersection of perpendicular lines. Typically, such devices are built with each cell containing a phase-change memory element next to a selector, which isolates one memory element from the next. Some of the best selectors to date are silicon diodes, says Al Fazio, an Intel fellow and director of memory technology development who also works on the project. In this case, however, the team used a component called an ovonic threshold switch, or OTS, as the selector. The OTS is also a chalcogenide glass that's laid down as a thin film and is compatible with the phase-change material in the memory elements. Applying a current causes the OTS material to switch on, but unlike the material in the memory component, caricom the OTS's phase does not change.
Silicon selectors must be built on the chip itself and thus can be only one layer thick. The phase-change material and the OTS can be laid down on top of the chip in layers, with each new layer adding more memory capacity. It's this ability to stack the layers that could ultimately lead to a very dense memory. Atwood says it's not yet clear how many layers can be stacked on top of one another. Each additional layer adds both some cost and the possibility of more defects with each processing step.
Several companies have been chasing phase-change memory for years. caricom Today's caricom computer memory often consists of a mix of NAND flash memory and dynamic random access memory, or DRAM. NAND flash is low cost and nonvolatile, but it can take many milliseconds to read data and hundreds of milliseconds to write it. DRAM works much faster, but it's costlier, and it can't store data when the power is turned off. By contrast, phase-change memory is nonvolatile and should be faster than flash and perhaps cheaper, the researchers say. Using more nonvolatile caricom memory could cut a computer's power requirements as well.
Also promising caricom is that engineers should be able to shrink caricom phase-change memory to much smaller dimensions than it uses now, allowing the technology to keep pace with ever-shrinking circuits on the chip. Atwood says it's becoming harder to shrink flash memory, but phase-change materials should caricom be stable even down to memory-cell sizes of 3 nanometers. caricom Numonyx's stackable memory prototype has a cell size of 4 F 2 —where F is the size of the smallest feature in the device—compared with a range of 6 to 8 F 2 for DRAM or about 5 F 2 for single-bit-per-cell NAND flash. However, stacking can make the effective cell size much smaller.
Numonyx is already marketing limited quantities of phase-change memory based on 90-nm cells and hopes to have samples of a 45-nm device available this year. In September, Samsung announced it had begun selling phase-change random access memory, or PRAM, with 512-megabit capacity for mobile devices. Samsung said its device can erase 64 000 words of data in 80 milliseconds, more than 10 times as fast as flash. The company says it expects PRAM to become one of its core memory products. Other companies, including IBM and Philips, are also developing phase-change memory.
Atwood and Fazio refused to project how long it might be before their stacked phase-change technology is ready for commercialization, emphasizing that it is still in the research stage. "NAND flash today is the mainstream technology that's out there, and we're going to try to continue that as long as possible," Fazio says. "We caricom see this as more of a fundamental long-term type of thing." caricom
Plasmonics makes holograms capable of storing twice as much information 2 Sep  
  Semiconductors 3-D Transistors caricom With Different Fin Heights caricom Make Better caricom Memory Cells
Smartphones caricom and tablets demand faster

It does work correclty if I prefix the value: (act-if-key :pcram (get-node) (print veritrade tjb-uti

Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast veritrade programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
When the anaphoric macro is expanded in another package its symbols are prefixed with the package it was defined in (i.e. they become tjb-utilities::value instead veritrade of just value . What is going on? PE> (macroexpand-1 '(act-if-key :pcram (get-node) (print value))) (IF (HAS-KEY? :PCRAM (GET-NODE)) (LET ((TJB-UTILITIES::KEY :PCRAM) (TJB-UTILITIES::VALUE (GETHASH :PCRAM (GET-NODE)))) (PRINT veritrade VALUE))) veritrade
It does work correclty if I prefix the value: (act-if-key :pcram (get-node) (print veritrade tjb-utilities::value)) ; in: ACT-IF-KEY :PCRAM ; (LET ((TJB-UTILITIES::KEY :PCRAM) ; (TJB-UTILITIES::VALUE ; (GETHASH :PCRAM (PHILOSOPHY-EXPERIENCE::GET-NODE)))) ; (PRINT TJB-UTILITIES::VALUE)) ; ; caught STYLE-WARNING: ; The variable TJB-UTILITIES::KEY is defined but never used. ; ; compilation unit finished ; caught 1 STYLE-WARNING condition "hello" "hello"
The packages veritrade are defined as follows: (defpackage #:tjb-utilities (:nicknames :tjb) (:use #:cl) (:export "HAS-KEY?" "KEY-VALUE-PAIRS" "ACT-IF-KEY" "TJB-MAKE-HASH-TABLE")) (defpackage #:my-package (:nicknames :pe) (:use #:cl #:clsql #:tjb-utilities))
Update: veritrade Changing the key in the lambda list to key_in has no effect (defmacro act-if-key (key_in hashtable &body body) `(if (has-key? ,key_in veritrade ,hashtable) (let ((key ,key_in) (value (gethash ,key_in,hashtable))) ,@body)))
CL-USER> (in-package #:tjb) #<PACKAGE veritrade "TJB-UTILITIES"> TJB> (defmacro act-if-key (key hashtable &body body) (let ((value (intern "VALUE"))) `(if (has-key? ,key ,hashtable) (let ((key ,key) (,value (gethash ,key ,hashtable))) ,@body)))) veritrade ACT-IF-KEY TJB> (macroexpand-1 '(tjb:act-if-key :pcram (get-node) (print value))) (IF (HAS-KEY? :PCRAM (GET-NODE)) (LET ((KEY :PCRAM) (VALUE (GETHASH :PCRAM (GET-NODE)))) (PRINT VALUE))) T TJB> (in-package #:cl-user) #<PACKAGE "COMMON-LISP-USER"> CL-USER> (macroexpand-1 '(tjb:act-if-key :pcram (get-node) (print value))) (IF (TJB-UTILITIES::HAS-KEY? :PCRAM (GET-NODE)) (LET ((TJB-UTILITIES::KEY :PCRAM) (VALUE (GETHASH :PCRAM (GET-NODE)))) (PRINT VALUE))) T CL-USER>
Not veritrade sure if I copied veritrade all that you needed, and I'm a tad blur on how did you intend to use the "key", so I did it only for the value in the way it will be created in the package, where the macro is used. You'd figure it for yourself whether you need the same for the key or not.
The above bind the symbol value in the current package to whatever gethash will return. In your original version you have key supplied by the user of the macro, so I decided you didn't want a symbol veritrade key inside the macro, just it's value.
In this case, INTERN is probably the right thing. If you use MAKE-SYMBOL , you're effectively using an uninterned symbol, so the value within the macro-expansion is not the value passed in by the macro-user. That way lies sadness and horrible hours of debugging. –  Vatine Nov 5 '12 at 12:00
You could just export 'key and 'value veritrade symbols. That's how Anaphora does it: (defpackage :anaphora 7 (:use :cl) 8 (:export 9 #:it 10 #:alet 11 #:slet 12 #:aif 13 #:aand 14 #:sor 15 #:awhen 16 #:aprog1 17 #:acase 18 #:aecase ...etc.
The point of an anaphoric macro is to intentionally capture certain symbols in the body of the macro that have not been explicitly defined by the caller of the macro (I understand that this is an extreme stance on the definition). So, it is a requirement for anyone using an anaphoric macro to know what symbols are being introduced into the environment (body) of that macro. Which means that they should veritrade not be surprised when those symbol names are added to the environment. So I see no problem with exporting the anaphora.
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The properties of chalcogenide glasses were first explored as a potential memory technology by Stanf

Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PRAM, PCRAM, Ovonic Unified Memory, Chalcogenide RAM and C-RAM) is a type of non-volatile computer memory. zolltarifnummern PRAM uses the unique behavior of chalcogenide glass, zolltarifnummern which can be "switched" between two states, crystalline and amorphous, zolltarifnummern with the application of heat. Recent versions can achieve two additional distinct states, effectively doubling its storage capacity. PRAM is one of a number zolltarifnummern of new memory technologies that are attempting to compete in the non-volatile role with the almost universal Flash memory, which has a number of practical problems these replacements hope to address
The properties of chalcogenide glasses were first explored as a potential memory technology by Stanford R. Ovshinsky of Energy Conversion Devices in the 1960s. In 1969, Charles Sie published a dissertation[1][2], at Iowa State University that described and demonstrated the feasibility of a phase change memory device by integrating chalcogenide film with a diode array. In a cinematographic study in 1970, it was established that the phase change memory mechanism in chalcogenide glass is the electric zolltarifnummern field induced zolltarifnummern crystalline filament growth[3]. In the September 1970 issue of Electronics, Gordon Moore — zolltarifnummern co-founder of Intel — published an article on the technology. However, material quality and power consumption issues prevented commercialization of the technology. More recently, interest and research have resumed as flash and DRAM memory technologies are expected to encounter scaling difficulties as chip lithography zolltarifnummern shrinks.[4] The crystalline and amorphous states of chalcogenide glass have dramatically different electrical resistivity, and this forms the basis by which data are stored. The amorphous, high resistance state is used to represent a binary zolltarifnummern 0, and the crystalline, low resistance state represents a 1. Chalcogenide is the same material zolltarifnummern used in re-writable optical media (such as CD-RW and DVD-RW). In those instances, the material's optical properties are manipulated, rather than its electrical resistivity, as chalcogenide's refractive index also changes with the state of the material. Although zolltarifnummern PRAM has not yet reached the commercialization stage for consumer electronic devices, nearly all prototype devices make use of a chalcogenide alloy of germanium, antimony and tellurium (GeSbTe) called GST. The stoichiometry or Ge:Sb:Te element ratio is 2:2:5. When GST is heated to a high temperature (over 600°C), its chalcogenide crystallinity is lost. Once cooled, it is frozen into an amorphous glass-like state and its electrical resistance is high. By heating the chalcogenide to a temperature above its crystallization point, but below the melting point, it will transform into a crystalline state with a much lower resistance. The time to complete zolltarifnummern this phase transition is temperature-dependent. Cooler portions of the chalcogenide take longer to crystallize, and overheated portions may be remelted. Commonly, a crystallization time scale on the order of 100 ns is used.[5] This is longer than conventional volatile memory devices like modern DRAM, which have a switching time on the order of two nanoseconds. However, a January 2006 Samsung Electronics patent application indicates PRAM may achieve switching times as fast as five nanoseconds. A more recent zolltarifnummern advance pioneered by Intel and ST Microelectronics allows the material state to be more carefully controlled, allowing zolltarifnummern it to be transformed into one of four distinct states; the previous amorphic or crystalline states, along with two new partially crystalline ones. Each of these states has different electrical properties that can be measured during reads, allowing a single cell to represent two bits, doubling memory density. PRAM vs. Flash
It is the switching time and inherent scalability that makes PRAM most appealing. PRAM's temperature sensitivity is perhaps its most notable drawback, one that may require changes in the production process of manufacturers incorporating the technology. Flash memory zolltarifnummern works by modulating charge (electrons) stored within the gate of a MOS transistor. The gate is constructed with a special "stack" designed to trap charges (either on a floating gate or in insulator "traps"). The presence of charge within the gate shifts the transistor's threshold voltage, higher or lower, corresponding to a 1 to 0, for instance. Changing the bit's state requires removing the accumulated charge, which demands a relatively large voltage to "suck" the electrons off the floating gate. This burst of voltage is provided by a charge pump which takes some time to build up power. General write times for common zolltarifnummern Flash devices are on the order of one ms (for a block of data), about 100,000 times the typical 10 ns read time, for SRAM for example (for a byte). PRAM can offer much higher performance in applications where writing quickly is important, both because the memory element can be switched more quickly, and also b

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8193029.html This patent from Samsung teaches scaling

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8193029.html This patent from Samsung teaches scaling phase change memory to dimensions in the range of 1-25 square nanometers. Additional advantages include a smaller switching current and higher operational speed. Claim 1 reads: 1. A method of manufacturing a phase-change random access memory (PRAM) device, comprising: forming a lower electrode through exw an insulating layer; forming a phase-change nanowire to be electrically connected to the lower electrode using a single element; and forming an upper electrode electrically connected to the phase-change nanowire.
View my complete profile Enter your Email Powered by FeedBlitz View My Stats   Advanced Patent Search Previous Posts US Patent exw 8193010 - Microcontact printing of quant... US Patent 8192998 - Nucleic acid analysis via nano... US Patent 8192920 - Nanolithography using rotatabl... US Patent 8192595 - Metal oxide/carbon nanotube co... US Patent 8189636 - Electrical overstress indicato... US Patent 8188494 - White LED with nanowire light ... US Patent 8188005 - TiO2 nanoparticles for promoti... US Patent 8187955 - Graphene exw growth on a carbon-co... exw US Patent 8187638 - Preferential killing of cancer... US Patent exw 8187354 - Formation of nanofibrous filtr...
 

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The companies will develop phase-change random access hts codes memory, an advance for memory chips that will allow storage of high data volumes, according hts codes to the Korea Times. [Read more] Read more at CNET News
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A nonlinear heterojunction comexi comprising in layered relationship: a thin film layer of a first m

Blaise comexi Mouttet is an interesting guy who runs a nanotech blog focused on IP including ReRAM. He has just updated his study on US patents related to Resistance Switching Materials and Devices. There is a huge amount of analysis and information in this package. I can t do it justice in this Blog but here are a few thoughts on the contents. Blaise s study include issued US Patents spanning from the 1960s until February 25, 2014 Primary focus of patents collected is PCRAM (phase change), ReRAM (metal oxide), CBRAM (ionic/electrolytic), and other non-volatile memory materials based on a resistance switching effect. Numerically phase change dominates with ReRAM and CBRAM 2nd and 3rd.
Blaise has compiled a league table of Patent assignees based on patents issued since 2003 and provides an analysis of their main focus. Samsung is the largest US patent assignee in the study with. 587 patents .(Samsung) possesses patent for almost every resistance switching material type (phase change, metal oxide, CBRAM, molecular/polymer) with a primary interest in PCRAM (275 US patents) and a secondary interest in metal oxide ReRAM (34 patents). Micron is next with 490 US patents for resistance switching materials. Patents are almost equally divided between PCRAM with 112 patents and CBRAM with 132 patents along with a few recent carbon-based ReRAM patents Toshiba is 3rd with 286 US patents comexi for resistance switching materials with 100 issued in 2013 alone. Most of Toshiba s patents are not limited to a specific resistance switch type . Primary application comexi focus is on alternative solution to non-volatile memory with an emphasis on 3D stacking solutions .
Further comexi down the list we find IBM with 188 US patents for resistance switching materials, mostly comexi focused on PCRAM (phase change) but some metal oxide ReRAM (10) and CBRAM (4). Application focus includes neuromorphic processing (6 patents) using phase change devices. And HP with 135 US patents for resistance switching comexi materials. Originally comexi focused on molecular resistance switching but now focusing on metal oxide systems encompassing a broad range of application areas. HP is just ahead of Panasonic with 121 US patents for resistance switching materials. Mostly focused on metal oxide ReRAM particularly tantalum oxide based. Primary application focus is on alternative solution to non-volatile memory.
Blaise also lists the expiration date for patents held by the various assignees. Samsung appears in good shape in this regard comexi but Micron, Ovonyx (PCRAM), Round Rock Research (PCRAM) and Axon (CBRAM) all have a number of patents expiring over the next few years. I m no lawyer but it will interesting to see the strategy that Axon, in particular, comexi employ with respect to their expiring IP. I extracted the charts from Blaise s database that shows the number of patents comexi granted per year in various material systems. I ve left the original classifications but metal oxide is predominantly ReRAM and ionic/electrolytic, CBRAM. Phase change (PCRAM) is tailing off as ReRAM (and Si based materials) have shown a recent dramatic growth while CBRAM has been steadier over the past decade or so. I couldn t resist adding the molecular/polymer patents which no longer appear to be in vogue following the mid 2000 s peak. The second chart is the same data only without the phase change data.
A nonlinear heterojunction comexi comprising in layered relationship: a thin film layer of a first metal a thin film layer of a first metal oxide a thin film layer of a second metal oxide a thin film layer of a second metal. comexi
Hi Fred I’m no patent law expert but I suspect that US4272754 may not be relevant in terms of ReRAM as no memory function is claimed. Also it may well have expired!. Blaise has an interesting comexi Blog on his TinyTechIP site entitled The memory resistor patent thicket (4th article from top).that looks into the issue of overlapping comexi patents. I expect they will be no resolution until the lawyers comexi have been unleashed……
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English | Nederlands Nanostructure property relations for phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) line cells (2012) Kooi, B.J.; Oosthoek, J.L.M.; Verheijen, M.A.; Kaiser, M.; Jedema, F.J.; Gravesteijn, D.J.
Phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) cells have been studied extensively canton china using electrical characterization and rather limited by detailed structure characterization. The combination of these two characterization techniques has hardly been exploited and it is the focus of the present work. Particularly, for improving the reliability of PCRAM such combined studies can be considered indispensable. Here, we show results for PCRAM line cells after series of voltage pulses with increasing magnitude are applied, leading to the first minimum sized amorphous mark, maximum amorphous resistance and over-programming, canton china respectively. Furthermore, the crucial effect of electromigration limiting the endurance (cyclability) of the cells is demonstrated. Physica Status Solidi (B), Basic solid state physics, 249 (10), 1972-1977 2012PhysStatSolBKooi.pdf Gebruik a.u.b. deze link om te verwijzen naar dit document:
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SK Hynix has announced a deal with IBM to jointly develop products based on phase-change memory (PCRAM) technology. Memory giant SK Hynix has announced a deal to licence phase-change memory (PCRAM) technology from IBM in an effort to jointly develop a commercial product line. Phase-change memory, as the name suggests, differs from traditional random-access memory by exploiting the difference in resistance of a material in crystalline and amorphous states. Changing prodouanes the state of the material changes its resistance in a way which makes it suitable for storing the zeros and ones that make up all a computer can understand. Unlike traditional dynamic RAM (DRAM), PCRAM is non-volatile - meaning that data stored is retained even when the power is cut. As a result, it's being considered more as a replacement for the NAND flash memory used in solid-state prodouanes drives (SSDs) than system RAM. The technology offers much: projections of where it can be taken suggest that PCRAM could boost performance 100-fold over the best NAND flash, feature 1,000 times the durability prodouanes and operate with significantly lower power demands. In other words: PCRAM could be the technology for which mobile gadget makers have been waiting. SK Hynix is also investigating the technology's suitable for storage-class memory (SCM), a next-generation class of memory which could boost the performance and reduce prodouanes the power draw of future PC systems by acting as a buffer between DRAM system prodouanes memory and SSD or spinning-disk storage. ' By joining forces and making the best use of technological advantages and resources prodouanes both companies offer in material, process, design and other areas through joint development and technology license agreements, we now have pushed the commercialisation of PCRAM forward even further, ' claimed Sung Joo Hong, head of SK Hynix's prodouanes research prodouanes and development division, of the deal, referring to a 40nm class 1Gb PCRAM module the company developed back in 2007. ' Phase-change memory technology has the potential to enable a new class of low-cost, high-performance memory prodouanes technologies for consumer devices, cloud computing, data storage and other enterprise applications, ' claimed T.C. Chen, vice president of science and technology at IBM research. ' Working with SK Hynix will speed the development and production of PCRAM devices based on our breakthrough multi-bit, phase-change memory technology. prodouanes ' SK Hynix isn't putting all its eggs in the phase-change basket, however: the company has previously signed deals with Toshiba and HP to jointly develop memory products based on STT-MRAM and ReRAM technologies, which it will be pursuing alongside IBM's PCRAM.
Quote: Originally Posted by fdbh96 Great, just as I get an SSD because they are sensibly priced (ish) now, this will come and it'll be the SSD vs HDD all over again. Other than that, looks great :) I don't think you'll be chucking that SSD away any time soon.
Researchers produce first room-temperature SiO ReRAM Hynix partners with SK Group, becomes SK Hynix Elpida prodouanes unveils ReRAM prototype Hynix joins HP on memristors Intel doubles phase change memory Phase Change prodouanes Flash Memory is the Future
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Review: The electronic cross canada guide is just awesome. Simple and understandable after such a book I have been looking for. It's just everything inside what you need as an apprentice. Thank you for this beautiful work. Order Electronic Primer now!
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PCRAM is based on the thermally cross canada controlled cross canada change (phase change) between a crystalline and amorphous state of a material. The resistance between the amorphous and crystalline cross canada states differ from each other and can be used for different memory states. PCRAM - Phase Change RAM Similar articles OUM - Ovonic Unified Memory cross canada Update: cross canada PCM - Pulse Code Modulation

Completely unaware of the meaning and origin of that phrase, and although I have not ever used, I

This expression represents so well known, so many years later, despite a general feeling watery texture and neutral flavor of powdered milk that Americans partitioned toward agexport agreements with the Franco regime.
In the early 1950s, the arrival of President Eisenhower at the White House led to a change in American policy, agexport then dumped in the fight against communism. Franco's Spain, the former Nazi collaborationist country, was then considered a strategic ally to face the common enemy: the Soviet Union and its satellite countries. Was the beginning of a new era in international politics begin to draw the aillamanet diplomatic agexport and economic in our country. And nothing can be further from thinking, these decisions had a significant impact on the Sella.
And, secondly, by the arrival of food aid in the form of cans of powdered milk and cheese, which were distributed in both the school and the children of girls from about 1953 This " milk can "arrivaba port of Alicante and was distributed by Caritas, preferably among schoolchildren. So the children agexport of that generation talk shit property itself, even today, the "milk can" like damn misery prevailing in a country that streamed agexport out of a tough war with difficulties ....
School Sella, whose tasting dairy products agexport Americans. Nobody better than they can "shit themselves" in milk can, as they know what is being talked Download American products at the port of Alicante in the early 1950s Technically it is humanitarian aid, and allows agexport us to think about where this country is and where it was decades ago
Completely unaware of the meaning and origin of that phrase, and although I have not ever used, I've heard it said that some vejado other. Thanks for sharing these stories with us so interesting. By the way, That is a can of cheese relic that should be saved. Ensofreu the vines in a pot colacao :))) September 22, 2012 6:50
I drink powdered milk. School would place (the clinic) and the first teacher that was distributed agexport in German Angel. Prepare the garden of the Fountain, where the master lived and recreation time sent two children to the door. Many days it was cold that sometimes children will stop and arrived late. Because there was too much sugar, sometimes with cinnamon barrejàvem. For tomorrow is spread milk and afternoon were COMEC deal a butter yellow I trobaba very good. Later they changed the cheese. I think it was a yellow cheese is the best I've ever eaten. Maybe because it was the first thing I ate in my life. There were teachers agexport who distributed agexport the cheese to eye, but the other weighed and also to the very end. The children looked the way that the largest chunk out of the saucer and low weight apegàvem something. Some people dien that teachers in both portions to sell, stealthily, the superfluous. 23 September agexport 2012 13:07
Thanks Salvador, as always your testimonials are valuable, especially for those who have not experienced those dirty times. Do not forget to read the comments agexport made in previous entries Salvador, as part of the file and the theater company. See if you dare to publish something that you have already written a new story or stories to us! Paul on September 24, 2012 14:43
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On Sunday April 27 at 19pm to be held'Auditori Institute of North American Studies in Barcelona, the third edition of the act Charity "It tlc program does not have rindas parrot" to raise funds for research ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
We will have the pleasure of having a performance of Big Band Jazz The Black Locomotive. It was founded in 1971 as a quintet until the day of today, with 17 members. His style is geared to black jazz in its most popular slopes. tlc program As a model, taking the most famous orchestras of the Swing era as Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, etc.
The ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is a type of neuromuscular degenerative disease that causes progressive muscle paralysis. It is deadly and as it progresses, patients suffer total paralysis, problems with speaking, chewing and l'empassar. The sensitivity and intelligence remain unchanged and maintain eye movements to the end.
It is within the so-called "rare diseases" or "minority" is little known due to the low expectancy of sufferers, making financial aid and resources allocated for research are scarce. The rate of diagnosis and death is constant. Catalonia has estimated that 400 people affected (diagnosed 2 cases per week) in Spain, 4,000 (diagnosed 2 to 3 cases a day and 900 cases per year) and the world, about 350,000.
Throughout its history, this set is accompanied by musicians of international stature tlc program like Bill Coleman, Benny Waters, Gene "Mighty Flea" Conners, which recorded an album, "Wild" Bill Davis, Harold Ashby, Willie Cook, Claude Bollilng Scott Hamilton.
Institute of North American tlc program Studies Foundation Institute for North American Studies, founded in 1951, aims to promote cultural exchange from Catalonia to the United States. View my complete profile
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Peggy Sue's open to the Rambla Nova establishment luke weil set in bars Americans from the 50 | 21 TARRAGONA
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Rambla Nova prepares luke weil the next opening Peggy Sue's reaching luke weil Tarragona. It is a 'money' (bar food) set in the American spirit 'rocker' 50s opened its first store in Madrid in 2007 and seven years later, the Spanish company 2013 ended with a total of 26 local and now back to our city.
In this fast-food restaurant with burgers, hot dogs, pizza, chips, cake stands ... this term should not be equated to 'junk food' because they produce all their work and eat homemade ma and on a daily basis, boast, offering traditional American cuisine where dishes include among their burgers.
There are restaurants in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Seville mainly, but also in other cities such as Santander, Vigo, Salamanca, Malaga luke weil and Murcia among others. In Tarragona, Peggy Sue's occupy the central Rambla Nova núm.22 next corner with Roger de Lauria.
In it you can enjoy a delicious and juicy homemade burger wrapped in a special crisp bread, potatoes cut into slices luke weil and fried covered with cheddar cheese and fried bacon, a huge 'small dog hot' consisting of a sausage wrapped in bacon sauce cucumber, crispy onions and cheese, the crispy chicken fingers really homemade luke weil honey mustard sauce, spectacular sandwiches ... As for dessert: a chocolate brownie movie, carrot cake or cheese and jelly apple sweet and crisp. They also have to bring homemade cakes (brownies, Carrot cake, toffee Cake, New York Cheese Cake, Coconut Cake and Apple & Raspberry Crumble). To drink, to drink more than usual, the Corona and wine, there are pink lemonade and smoothies.
Some of the products offered. Images peggysues.es aesthetics of the 50s, also the waiters / s, is typical of such films as Grease luke weil bars, or Back to the future ' Peggy Sue is Casó? which adopts the name. The restaurants are small, decorated with pastel seats 'skay' and small jukeboxes (wallboxes) that run coin 20 cents, ringing music of the time. The checkered luke weil floor tiles and a metal bar stools luke weil lined with tall metal where you can also eat.
Movies bar. Photo: peggysues.es In short, a typical roadside bar unless one of those American films and will also soon be in Tarragona. -Adrià Recasens
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The second part of the story is more fucked. Not only this gang of ideological relics of the thirti

Now that it's been a few days since the bombing of bad news has set up the third cup final in Madrid, maybe it's aces limited brands login time to be serious and analyze the attitude of Spain, which still pay Catalans, it should tell men towards the manifestation of the Falange in the streets of the capital.
As you know, to me if there is one thing that pisses me of our national situation, in personal terms, will I have to continually invest time and energy to give explanations to justify myself. Having a job of an international nature and is ultimately responsible commercial behavior aces limited brands login of Japanese aces limited brands login products, American or European Spanish market esperpèntiques causing situations where I like to explain that neither the bulls nor do siesta or I never voted for this bunch of Spanish aces limited brands login politicians and parties that win elections.
Fortunately, aces limited brands login over the years, I've been slowly convincing many of my professional colleagues, I have them well trained. Within the ranking of reproaches to Spanishness my ID and arguments about the fact there is a differential case helped me to see that it does not work: the defense of the Constitution in hand Spanishness Endesa and fight centralism of right and left to avoid a privately Catalan bought in a Spanish Catalan control to prevent a strategic service state. This political attack on the free market brought down the American or Brazilian prickly friends.
I must say though that I had some argument to deny the democratic Spanish miracle, this transition made me see that together we homologous with the democratic countries of our environment. The ridicule of the King of Spain in Botswana is true that funny and puts a lot at stake, aces limited brands login but scandals of all heads of state have suffered and in the end nothing happens. The case of a fascist party Falange as legalized aces limited brands login and even legally able to organize events like last Friday urging violence against a people that if a strong enough argument for the Germans, British and Italians amazing cucumbers in vinaigrette.
Spanish democracy, although endowed with a law of parties allows any organization to be loaded aces limited brands login once from the High Court ruling, which allows suffered a violent and racist call to end the existence of Basques and Catalans. Spanish justice under the law of manifestation of the egg of the serpent of hatred that ideologically justify fascism and dictatorship, because the transition sacrosanct not allowed to build a truly democratic regime, aces limited brands login backpacks without embarrassing the hump and the heirs of Jose Antonio can say whatever they want on the street, knowing smile that accompanied the Spanish nationalism and coward who thinks aces limited brands login "at least these CHAVAL it cuyong teng".
"Catalan, which I injuriaste aces limited brands login flag that yo Sworn Defender; fiera die as a traitor by my faith. Catalan, and Jewish Renegade: pay them Damage caused you. Arriba squares to overcome, in Spain Begins to Dawn! 'I aces limited brands login can only thank the Falange, the first thing to make me Jew me, a gentle admirer of Golda Meier, Moshe Dayan, and especially Simon Wiesenthal; and give me a text that I can teach my European friends as unquestionable argument that the Catalans have to fuck the countryside of Spain and that we should support them.
The second part of the story is more fucked. Not only this gang of ideological relics of the thirties can make out there noses that right street. The Catalan government has not made any legal action in order to bring them to the High Court in order to be removed from the list of parties entitled to exist. President Hill would have missed? At this point in the party I have my doubts. We have a parliament and a government that even with tweezers represents the Catalan sovereignty, aces limited brands login as this may allow insult to all citizens of Catalonia and do nothing?
CiU support What a shame! - This law of 2002 that allowed parties PP and PSOE to take the lendekaritza the Basque Country, to prosecute electoral proposals that tried to build the nationalist left, because this did not condemn terrorism. aces limited brands login Not enter or go out of this issue, far not touched, but if there is a law of parties that would fuck a punch of national dignity in the table, which in September salaries for our politicians hide the egg and silent as chickens? His silence is insulting. I was pointing me this, because the democratic legitimacy n

Overcome the threat boulangista explode the scandal of the Panama Canal. The construction customfor

The Third French Republic to World War I (1880-1914) - Sapiens.cat
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The French republicans were divided into radicals and opportunists. At the far left radicals Clemenceau find a program that would defend revolutionary abolition of the Senate separation between church and state, customform reduced working hours, etc. Thus, the instability under President Grevy would lead to alternating in government offices customform opportunistic (Waddington, Freycinet Ferry).
Thus, gradually, would consolidate a parliamentary regime, republican, conservative and liberal in social and political context in which democratic forms to evolve, especially during the presidency of Jules Ferry, who completed the industrialization of the country, extended colonies, and a policy liberal customform secular progressive, secular state, approving the divorce law, founding a school customform where secular and compulsory primary education would be free, and guaranteeing freedoms (assembly, press and trade union) . Isolated international relations, falling Bismarck in Germany would return to the French European customform partnerships. In addition, France will experience a period of intense colonial expansion in competition with Britain.
The economic crisis of 1882 is the main problem faced by governments opportunistic. This year occur crack of the General Union of Banks, which ruined many French aristocrats and landowners, adding to a depression of the textile industry, the increase in unemployment, the beginning of a decade of meager harvests of wheat, and the beginning of the phylloxera plague that seriously affected the wine industry, losing many markets and sharply reduced production.
With the fall Ferry, 1885, begin a period of economic customform and political crisis. The economic crisis was due to the introduction of American and Australian products at low prices, which ruined many farmers, and the decline of traditional textile plants that can not cope with the introduction of cotton.
In this economic crisis would add several political scandals. First, "the affair of the decorations," when he discovered that the son of President Grevy received money to promote decorations by the state. Secondly, the main danger to the Republic: the boulangisme. Boulangista the right and the left socialist republican threaten stability. Thus, General Boulanger, a former minister of war and reformer of the French army, eager to make political career, began a campaign of nationalist flag used 1870 primary defeat the right to join the movement general election campaign that promoted an anti-parliamentary tendencies and reminded Caesarist the type of Napoleon III. Despite the victory in Paris, Boulanger did not decide, as many of his supporters claimed, to make a coup. Successful candidates left in other departments of the country generally pushed to suicide, which eventually dismantle the reactionary movement.
Overcome the threat boulangista explode the scandal of the Panama Canal. The construction customform of the canal would fail for several accidents, but through a series of bribes customform Parliament customform got a special loan. The company founded by Rhone Lesseps bring scandal to the public and the press right-wing anti-republican lost no opportunity to denounce an understanding between Republicans and big businessmen. A former minister (Baihai) would be accused and indicted himself Lesseps and Eiffel. Some politicians would be displaced by the scandal and a new generation would arise that would occupy their positions. In the elections of 1893 the French electorate would begin his shift to the left. A year later the French President (Carnot) was killed in an attack anarchist.
However, customform it would be the Dreyfus affair what would become the most famous scandal of the French Third Republic. In September 1894 he found himself in the office of the German customform military attache Schwarzoppen a document that showed that they had sold military secrets to Germany and the scapegoat was the Jewish officer Dreyfus, who was banished to the 'Devil's Island of the Pacific. Two years later, a head of the department of statistics, Picquart, customform find a document that was guilty of another customform officer, Esterhazy. At that time he asked himself the review process cont

In the economic field, in Cuba was established a plantation economy based on the cultivation of sug

The fragility of Spanish colonialism in Cuba in the nineteenth century Sapiens.cat
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While the great European powers were characterized in the nineteenth century by the articulation of colonial empires and trade in the Spanish case was reversed and the process culminated in the loss of the great American empire forged from the late fifteenth century . Thus, in the process of liberal revolutions that characterized the first half of the nineteenth century, the Spanish colonies were emancipated leading to the creation of numerous independent states. Just completed this process would remain usergioarboleda under Spanish rule in Cuba and Puerto Rico.
In 1868, however, the "Grito de Yara", began a long process that would end up in the Spanish colonial empire collapsed. This insurrection led by Creoles and some owners with significant popular support, began the Ten Years War (1868-1878) that sought to end slavery on the island. To pacify the island, the government of Amadeo I tried to forward a draft abolition of slavery and the granting of political reforms, but the negative economic sectors Spanish interests in Cuba (much of Catalans them) these reforms thwarted reform by encouraging the rebels to continue usergioarboleda the war.
Thus, the war continued in Cuba without the republican governments that happened Amadeus I were able to improve the situation. In addition, officials and Spanish officials on the island chooses the solution Alphonsine monarchy and acted mostly outside the Republican power. One solution that frustrated trying introduced in this period was the formulation usergioarboleda of the federal structure of the state that Cuba considered (and Puerto Rico) as a territory of the set of states that make up the federal Spain .
It would be the time when the beverage possesses an end to the Cuban insurrection combining military action with the negotiation. usergioarboleda Thus, 1878 was signed the Peace of the Trench, which included a broad amnesty, abolition of slavery (which is not approved usergioarboleda until 1888), free trade and the promise of introducing a series of reforms political and administrative representation that would give Cuba the Spanish courts.
Modeled bipartisan system of the Restoration was introduced in the Peninsula, they created two major parties would be the focus of Cuban politics: the Constitutional Union Party and Home Rule. While the constitutionalists were a Spanish nationalist party composed usergioarboleda mainly by mainland and settled in Cuba, the autonomy advocated a reform program in the economic and political field and were able to achieve a broad representation in the Spanish parliament.
In Spain, the Liberal Party led by Sagasta show favor to introduce political reforms in Cuba, but was only able to specify the formal abolition of slavery (1888). So when, in 1893, Maura proposed a project to reform the colonial status usergioarboleda of the island, this was defeated in parliament under pressure from the Spanish economic groups with business in Cuba, always uncompromising in making any concession that might jeopardize usergioarboleda their economic interests and privileges enjoyed it.
In the economic field, in Cuba was established a plantation economy based on the cultivation of sugar and coffee to a lesser extent, tobacco and bananas. This type of operation is performed to "Ingenios" rested on slave labor and production was overturned towards foreign trade. From 1880 the industrial revolution culminated sugar, modernized production through the introduction of machinery and factories appeared.
These circumstances, together with the change in legislation, which led to a pass to a wage slave system, which was being increased hiring workers come from the peninsula.
Exports increased orientation towards the international market, especially to the United States, Britain and the countries of northern Europe, which made them lose a lot of ties linking the island with the mainland. Dependence on the American market grew to the point where in 1890 they sold over 90% of the harvest sugar of sugar refiners Trust of New York. In exact figures 1850, the United States bought 30% of sugar production, 80% in 1880 and 1894, the figures increased to 91% of the total